After an initialinterview, the clinician or researcher can evaluate the patient's psychodynamicsaccording to these axes to get a comprehensive psychodynamicview of the patient.
Easy-to-use checklists and evaluation forms are provided. The set oftools and procedures the OPD-CA-2 manual provides have been widelyused for assessing indications for therapy, treatment planning, andmeasuring change, as well as providing information for parental work. Child and Adolescent Anxiety Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, CAPP, is a new, manualized, tested, session psychotherapeutic approach to working psychodynamically with youth with anxiety disorders. This book describes how clinicians intervene by collaboratively identifying the meanings of anxiety symptoms and maladaptive behaviors and to communicate the emotional meaning of these symptoms to the child.
The treatment is conducted from a developmental perspective and the book contains clinical examples of how to approach youth of varying ages. It contains chapters on the historical background of psychodynamic child psychotherapy, on developmental aspects of child psychotherapy, and on the nature of parent involvement in the treatment. It will be useful for clinicians from diverse therapy backgrounds and it will appeal to the student reader, as well as to the experienced clinician.
The use of drawings to discover emotions, attitudes, and personality traits not verbally stated by a client is a valuable and widely used technique in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.
In this book, the author offers a highly practical introduction to the use and interpretation of projective drawings. Grounding his approach in self psychology, Dr. Leibowitz provides detailed information on how to interpret house, tree, man, woman, and animal drawings.
By pairing clinical case examples with general interpretation guidelines, the book offers a thorough examination of projective drawings, making it a valuable text for beginners and an important reference source for the seasoned clinician.
Interpreting Projective Drawings contains an impressive array of drawings, with over total illustrations. Almost half of these drawings are from comprehensive case studies that follow adult patients from the beginning phase of treatment to their one-year or more status. These include over 30 chromatic illustrations that clearly demonstrate the importance of color in projective drawing interpretation. In addition to detailed information on how to interpret these five types of achromatic and chromatic drawings, the book also contains an appendix that offers examiner instructions, instructions for self-administration, and adjective lists to aid in interpretation.
Together, these components make Interpreting Projective Drawings an essential resource for any mental health professional interested in using drawings to their fullest effect in their practice. The interpersonal dimensions of each DSM-IV personality disorder are discussed in depth and and innovative procedures for assessment and diagnosis described. Skip to content. PDF eBooks. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual.
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Second Edition. Psychoanalytic Case Formulation. Psychoanalytic Case Formulation Book Review:. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders. Author : John F. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis Second Edition. Author : Hannah S. Psychoanalytic Supervision. Psychoanalytic Supervision Book Review:. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Book Review:. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Author : Deborah L. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Book Review:.
Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology. Author : Theodore Millon,Robert F. Making assessment decisions: macro, mezzo, and micro perspectives. Narrative, psychodynamic, and cultural conceptualizations of disorder. Person-centered and contextualized diagnosis in mental health. Meeting the challenge of teaching integrated assessment. Critical Thinking in Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis has much to offer professionals, researchers, and educators in the fields of social work and mental health.
Score: 2. There have long been connections between the two professions, but this is the first time the many points of contact have been set out clearly for practitioners from both fields. Covering social and cultural factors, clinical practice, including diagnosis and treatment, and looking at teaching and continuing professional development, this book features contributions and exchange of ideas from an international group of clinicians from across both professions.
Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: Partners and Competitors in the Mental Health Field will appeal to all practicing psychoanalysts and psychiatrists and anyone wanting to draw on the best of both fields in their theoretical understanding and clinical practice. Popular Books. The Becoming by Nora Roberts. Fear No Evil by James Patterson. Flying Angels by Danielle Steel. We initially assessed the utility of the PDC by surveying practitioners from various psychology listservs and Web sites who considered themselves expert in diagnostics.
We asked them to complete an online survey after using the PDC with at least one client. We looked at the data when we had 50 completed surveys. Half of the respondents identified themselves as not psychodynamic.
These survey results were recently replicated with a sample of mental health practitioners with very similar findings, that is, personality organization rated the highest, and the ICD or DSM symptom classification rated the least helpful in understanding their clients Gordon et al.
We then worked to test the test—retest reliability and construct validity of the PDC. We asked 38 psychologists who had frequently used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI -2 during the last 12 months with psychotherapy patients, disability patients, or forensic clients to participate in a study on diagnoses. The PDC had very good 2-week retest stability.
Test—retest reliability was. For the borderline level, we predicted that both the Sc scale mean and the Hy scale mean should not be significantly different, but they both should be significantly larger than the Es scale mean. Finally, for the neurotic level, we predicted that the Es, Sc, and Hy scales should all be in the normal—moderate range.
Hy and Sc were in the moderate range, and ego strength moved up to the average range, showing support for the prediction.
Taken together, the analyses lend strong support to the construct validity of the Overall Personality Organization scale of the PDC. They specifically support the conclusion that personality patterns can exist on a continuum from neurotic to psychotic levels see Figure 1. This position was recently empirically supported by the review conducted by Koelen et al. We found also that expert practitioners of various theoretical orientations most of whom were not psychodynamically oriented felt that personality organization is a very important dimen- sion in understanding their patients, and that personality patterns express themselves across the range of personality structure.
The conviction of the members of the Personality Figure 1. Dotted line at T65 indicates clinically significant scores. Task Force of the original PDM that personality should be assessed as a first step in diagnoses has thus received considerable empirical support and therefore will be a primary, distinct dimension or axis in PDM The aim of the PDP is to help clinicians and researchers use the P Axis even without a previous This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
For this reason, the authors have taken the PDM descriptions of This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. In order to operationalize these theoretical concepts, the authors then took into account well validated dynamic assessment tools such as the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scale Perry, and the Analytic Process Scales Wal- dron et al. After having completed the construction of the PDP, the authors asked seven raters, clinical psychologists who had completed a hr training on the PDM, to assess on a 1—5 Likert scale in what measure each of the PDP prototypes resembled the description of the same disorder given in the PDM.
The PDP, thus, seems to have good face validity. Clinicians had been following the patients assessed for an average The average intraclass correlation coefficient of the PDP prototypes dimensionally assessed was. This checklist, developed by Drew Westen , is a clinician report instrument that combines a categorical and dimensional assessment of each of the Axis II criteria and disorders.
On this basis as well, we can say that the concurrent and discriminant validity of our PDP is generally good. To assess the construct validity of the PDP, we have used a stepwise model of linear regression to capture the relationships between the different PDM P Axis disorders and their specific core preoccupations and pathogenic beliefs. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Our data show that 14 of the 16 core preoccupations and 21 of the 36 pathogenic beliefs are specifically connected with the disorder predicted by the PDM. Consequently, we have added to our PDP descriptions the core preoccupations and pathogenic beliefs described in the manual.
In this case as well, we have used a stepwise model of linear regression and we have chosen only objective data as predictors. We have found, for example, that the number of arrests and violent crimes committed by adolescents are predicted by their level of psychopathy; health problems are correlated with somatizing personality features, physical abuse in childhood correlates with masochistic personality patterns, and quality of social relationships is inversely correlated with the schizoid features.
Given that it needs no more than 30 min to be scored, we think that it is user-friendly enough to be utilized in real clinical practice, including public settings. They tend to feel rage and envy, think they can do anything they want, and believe that everyone is selfish, manipulative, and dishonorable. For these reasons, they tend to control other people in a persistent and pervasive way and to use their power for their own sake.
Psychopathic people seem to care more about themselves than other people, and tend to feel anxiety less frequently or intensely than others. In addition, they need constant stimulation.
However, their emotional life tends to be impoverished, and their expressed affect often is insincere and intended to manipulate other people. They lack the capacity to describe their own emotional reactions with any depth or nuance, and they frequently somatize. Their emotional connection to others is minimal, typically they lose interest in people they see as no longer useful to them, and they tend to be self-centered and manipulative.
Individuals who match this prototype lack remorse and tend to devalue love and kindness, considering these feelings childish and illusory. Some are actively aggressive, explosive and predatory; others seem passive, more dependent, nonaggressive and relatively nonviolent, but in any case they are manipulative and ready to exploit others.
We are particularly interested in the implications of each of these diagnostic elements on the structuring of the therapeutic setting. The first steps toward the new edition required a steering committee representing both continuity and change. At the time of publication of this article, the sponsoring organizations for the second edition are the International Psychoanalytical Association, the International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, the Division of Psychoanalysis 39 of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, the American Association for Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work, and the Italian Group for the Advancement of Psychodynamic Diagnosis and Research.
The American Psychoanalytic Association has been contacted to renew its sponsorship as in the first edition. Perspectives There are two key purposes for the next edition.
Furthermore, PDM-2 will involve more systematic and empirical research than the first edition included, especially as such research informs more opera- tionalized descriptions of the different disorders Huprich et al. Although the second edition will conserve the main structure of the first PDM, it will be characterized by several important changes. This conceptualization seems highly relevant to which kinds of psychotherapy may be most effective in relation to the specific difficulties of different patients.
As we previously noted, in the original PDM, there is a significant omission. This problem is not particular to the PDM; the same confusion inheres in the interesting fact that whereas the DSM-5 characterizes schizotypal personality as a personality disorder, the ICD classifies it as a psychotic disorder. It appears that schizophrenia and psychotic affective illnesses should not to be confused with a severe level of personality organization that can be present with any particular personality pattern.
M Axis The number of mental functions comprising the M Axis of the Adult section will be increased from nine to a capacity for regulation, attention, and learning; b capacity for affective range, communication, and understanding; c capacity for mentalization and reflective functioning; d capacity for differentiation and integration; e capacity for relationships and intimacy; f quality of internal experience, including level of confidence and self-regard; g impulse control and regulation; h defensive functioning; i adap- tation, resiliency, and strength; j self-observing capacities psychological mindedness ; k capacity to construct and use internal standards and ideals; and l meaning and purpose.
Compared to the first edition of the manual, the PDM-2 labels and descriptions of mental functioning have been revised and reformulated in a clinician-friendly, empir- ically grounded, and assessment-relevant way. Moreover, the M Axis will explicitly conceptualize personality and mental functioning as resulting from the integration of nature temperament, genetic predisposition, basic underlying traits and nurture learning, experience, attachment style, cultural and social context.
To facilitate clinically useful diagnosis and case conceptualization, it is essential that assessment of the M Axis capacities yield practically applicable results with utility for diagnostic formulation, and treatment planning and implementation.
Given that it is also essential that clinicians across orientations are able to assess M Axis capacities in a reliable and valid manner, for each capacity we will provide a list of well validated clinical tools that can be employed to aid in assessment.
We will try not to exclude any relevant syndrome or psychopathological condition e. Greater attention will be also paid to the subjective experiences of the clinician countertransference.
The section dedicated to the Classification of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders will also be subject to some changes. First of all, we intend to separate the Adolescent section age 11—18 from the Child section 4 —10 , because it seems clinically naive to use the same levels and patterns for describing the mental functioning of, say, a 4-year-old child and a year-old adolescent.
The idea of assessing, in adolescence, first This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Starting from this perspective, we will also emphasize more strongly the evaluation of family systems and their characteristic relational patterns, including a paragraph about attachment patterns and their possible relationship to psychopathology and normative development.
An important change in the incoming new version of the manual will be the inclusion of a section on Mental Health Disorders of the Elderly, which was not in the first edition.
As McWilliams a pointed out, One of the first serious criticisms of the PDM embarrassed us: Daniel Plotkin personal communication, December at UCLA Medical Center wondered why, in this avowedly developmental document, we included sections on infancy, childhood, and adulthood, but none on the elderly. In view of the average age of the steering committee members late 60s and early 70s, by my calculation , one can only infer massive denial: Including a section on elderly patients never occurred to us!
Within this section we will include a the PDM derived instruments, such as the PDP and PDC, with their manuals; b the description, strengths, limitations and main references of empirical instruments that shaped the PDM categories such as SWAP, Structured Interview of Personality Organization, Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile, and Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale ; c the description, strengths, limitations, and main references of widely utilized tools, both self-report and performance-based e.
Blais, The aims of this section are to improve the dialogue between clinical practice and research, to guide the practitioners in the selection of empirical tools that can help them to refine and support PDM assessment, both for clinical and research purposes, and to help to bridge the gap between research on personality and research on psychotherapy process and outcome.
Our aim is to provide clinical illustrations that exemplify how the PDM assessment procedures can help therapists to understand and describe the mental func- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Together with the PDM P Axis, M Axis, and S Axis and the ICD and DSM-5 diagnoses, PDM-2 clinical presentations should articulate what are the more relevant affects, defense mechanisms, and conflicts of the patients, their specific core preoccupations and patho- genic beliefs, and the affective reactions experienced by the assessor while interacting with them.
Case presentations deriving from PDM-2 will specify the more and less compromised mental processes of the patient and in what circumstances the person functions at higher and lower levels, respectively.
Conclusion: A Historic Opportunity As McWilliams a has noted, the primary goals for the PDM were to create a diagnostic system that embraced the complexities of human experience both normal and pathological and to conceptualize the major psychological disorders in ways that went beyond external description to capture the subjective phenomenology and underlying dynamics that shape psychological symptoms and syndromes. As we have noted, in the last 2 decades, there has been an increasing tendency to define mental problems primarily on the basis of observable symptoms, behaviors, and traits, with overall personality functioning and levels of adaptation noted only secondarily.
There is increasing evidence, however, that both mental health and psychopathology involve many subtle features of human functioning, including affect tolerance, regulation, and expression; coping strategies and defenses; capacities for understanding self and others; and quality of relationships.
Mounting evidence from neuroscience and develop- mental studies supports the position that mental functioning, whether optimal or compro- mised, is highly complex. To ignore mental complexity is to ignore the very phenomena of concern to therapists and students of human psychology.
After all, our mental com- plexity defines our most human qualities. Greenspan thought that the PDM could serve as a holistic diagnostic tool. Without a counterpoint to the current tendency to focus more and more narrowly and discretely on disorder categories, the clinical relationship may be jeopardized and even damaged beyond repair. This danger is the main reason we feel we need a biopsychosocial classification system such as the PDM. It also is the main reason we are committed to improving its clinical value with a new edition.
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Singer Ed. Representational structures in psychopathology. Toth Eds. VI: Emotion, cognition and representation pp. Mental representation, severe psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49, — Psychoanalytic theory as a unifying framework for 21st century personality assessment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27, — Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, — What do practitioners want in a diagnostic taxonomy?
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